Division of Sleep Medicine @ Harvard Medical School
Faculty Profile
Steven W. Lockley, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Associate Neuroscientist, Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Other Affiliation(s)
Honorary Associate Professor in Sleep Medicine,
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, UK
Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, UK
Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia
Address
221 Longwood Avenue, Suite 438Boston, MA 02115
USA
Inter-office Mail Address
Division of Sleep Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Phone 617-732-4977
Phone 617-732-4013
Fax 801-729-9929
Email slockley@hms.harvard.edu
Email CGORDON3@partners.org
Society Memberships
Sleep Research SocietySociety for Research on Biological Rhythms
European Pineal and Biological Rhythms Society
European Sleep Research Society
International Dark-Sky Association
Research Unit(s)
Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Circadian Physiology Program
Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group
Circadian Physiology Program
Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group
Research Interests
The Circadian Physiology Program focuses on basic and applied aspects of human circadian biology. Our translational approach includes use of a range of techniques including epidemiology, field-based physiological studies and inpatient intensive physiological monitoring. We have a particular interest in human circadian photoreception and the effects of light on the circadian pacemaker and other non-image forming responses. Our studies include investigations of the effects of timing, duration, intensity and wavelength of light exposure on circadian resetting, melatonin suppression and the acute alerting effects of light. We also study visually impaired individuals under field and laboratory conditions to examine the effects of the severity and type of blindness on circadian photoreception, the periodicity of the circadian pacemaker and development of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. These basic studies have led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat non-24-hour sleep wake disorder, Advanced- and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome with appropriately-timed melatonin administration in blind patients. We have also recently begun to examine the role of visual impairment on endocrinology and breast cancer risk in blind women.
With the Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group, we assess the impact of extended work hours on health and safety of workers and the public. Our studies include the development of interventions that reduce extended duration work hours, fatigue and medical errors in hospital residents, and the implementation of large-scale occupational fatigue management and sleep disorders screening programs in several police forces nationwide.
With the Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group, we assess the impact of extended work hours on health and safety of workers and the public. Our studies include the development of interventions that reduce extended duration work hours, fatigue and medical errors in hospital residents, and the implementation of large-scale occupational fatigue management and sleep disorders screening programs in several police forces nationwide.
Trainees
Undergraduate students
University of Surrey, UK
Laura J. Butler, 1997
Sophie A. Rocks, 1998
Vanessa Sands, 1998
Charlotte E. Killer, 1999
Ourania Kosti, 1999
Amina Baksh, 1999
Marina Tsaoussouglou, 2004
Matthew Hurst, 2004
Mia Jacobsen, 2004
Imperial College, UK
Theresa Momberger, 1999
Victoria L. Revell, 2000
Harvard University
Clark J. Lee, 2003
Naila Ramji, 2008
Postgraduate students
University of Surrey, UK
Anna Zachirou, Masters student, 2000
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Christopher Pechacek, Masters student (in collaboration with MIT), 2006-2008
Joseph T. Hull, Graduate student (in collaboration with University of Surrey), 2002-2009
Erin E. Evans, Graduate student, (in collaboration with University of Surrey), 2004-date
Ahuva Y. Segal, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2007-date
Catherine J. Hanley, Masters student (in collaboration with University College Dublin), 2007-2009
Julia Shekleton, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2009-date
Suzanne Ftouni, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2009-date
Fellows
Adriana Lira-Oliver, D.Des., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007
Joshua J. Gooley, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2005-2008
Eliza Van Reen, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007-2009
Melanie Rüger, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007-date
Joseph T. Hull, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2009-date
University of Surrey, UK
Laura J. Butler, 1997
Sophie A. Rocks, 1998
Vanessa Sands, 1998
Charlotte E. Killer, 1999
Ourania Kosti, 1999
Amina Baksh, 1999
Marina Tsaoussouglou, 2004
Matthew Hurst, 2004
Mia Jacobsen, 2004
Imperial College, UK
Theresa Momberger, 1999
Victoria L. Revell, 2000
Harvard University
Clark J. Lee, 2003
Naila Ramji, 2008
Postgraduate students
University of Surrey, UK
Anna Zachirou, Masters student, 2000
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Christopher Pechacek, Masters student (in collaboration with MIT), 2006-2008
Joseph T. Hull, Graduate student (in collaboration with University of Surrey), 2002-2009
Erin E. Evans, Graduate student, (in collaboration with University of Surrey), 2004-date
Ahuva Y. Segal, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2007-date
Catherine J. Hanley, Masters student (in collaboration with University College Dublin), 2007-2009
Julia Shekleton, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2009-date
Suzanne Ftouni, Graduate student (in collaboration with Monash University), 2009-date
Fellows
Adriana Lira-Oliver, D.Des., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007
Joshua J. Gooley, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2005-2008
Eliza Van Reen, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007-2009
Melanie Rüger, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2007-date
Joseph T. Hull, Ph.D., Post-doctoral fellow, 2009-date
Mentor(s)
Research Funding
Current funding:
NSBRI/NASA PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Optimizing light spectrum for long duration space flight
NIH/NCCAM PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Mechanism underlying the effects of blue light in humans
NIH/NINDS PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Photic and nonphotic input to the human circadian system
NIH/NIMH PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders with bright light
NHMRC (Australia). PI: S.M.W. Rajaratnam, PhD. Acute alerting effects of daytime light exposure to specific wavelengths of light
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Desensitization of circadian responses to light
NASA: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Blue light for enhancing alertness in space missions.
NIH/CDC: Co-PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD & S.W. Lockley, Ph.D. Evaluation of the potential for translation to practice of a sleep disorders management program for police.
NSBRI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Characteristics of light exposure necessary for development of optimal countermeasures to facilitate circadian adaptation and Enhance alertness and cognitive performance in space.
NASA: PI: L.K. Barger, PhD. Phoenix Scout Lander: Countermeasures test-bed for spaceflight ground controllers.
US Department of Homeland Security: Co-PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD & S.W. Lockley, PhD. A Comprehensive Fire-fighter Fatigue Management Program ‘Operation Healthy Sleep’
DARPA PI: H. Wei, PhD, ‘A spectrally dynamic berth light for active circadian cycle management’
Monash University Strategic Grant. PI: S.W. Rajaratnam, PhD,. ‘An investigation of drowsiness while driving in hosp ital night shift workers and sleep disorder patients: The Monash Drowsy Driving (MONRI) Study’
NHMRC (Australia). PI: S.M.W. Rajaratnam, PhD. ‘Randomised controlled trial of a light intervention to enhance alertness and performance in night shiftworkers’.
FRSQ: PI: J. Carrier, PhD. ‘Réponses cérébrales à la lumière chez des personnes non-voyantes’
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.P. Landrigan, MD, Developing a risk index of healthcare provider alertness to improve safety.
NSBRI: PI: C. Oman, PhD. Validation of assessment tests and countermeasures for detecting and mitigating changes in cognitive function during robotics operations.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler. Efficacy of melatonin in a phase advance model of transient insomnia.
NASA: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. The role of sleep and circadian phase on crew safety, performance and psychological health during long-term analog space missions.
NIH/NIEHS: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Effects of the circadian clock and light on the production of estrogens.
NASA: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Feasibility pilot study on acute biological and behavioral responses to the solid state lighting module for the International Space Station.
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.P. Landrigan MD. Developing a risk index of healthcare provider alertness to improve safety.
US Department of Homeland Security: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. National Firefighter Sleep Disorders Management Program: Translation to Practice.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler PhD, MD. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in a phase advance model of insomnia.
NIH/NHLBI: PI: E.B. Klerman, MD, PhD. Human circadian sensitivity of very short light pulses.
NMRC (Singapore) PI: J.J. Gooley, PhD. Improving the efficacy of light therapy: A comparative study to determine whether exposure to intermittent light enhances circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses relative to exposure to continuous light.
Completed funding:
NIH/AHRQ PI: C.P. Landrigan, MD. Implementing reduced work hours for all ICU staff to improve patient safety
NIH/NIOSH PI: E.S. Schernhammer, MD, PhD. Effects of light at night on the circadian system in nurses
DARPA PI: H. Wei, PhD, ‘A spectrally dynamic berth light for active circadian cycle management’
NIH/NIJ PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Testing the effectiveness of a comprehensive police fatigue management program
AFOSR: PI: D. Adams. Short wavelength countermeasure for circadian desynchrony.
NIH/CDC PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Sleep disorders management, health and safety in police
Dept of Defense PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer in blind women.
ResMed Foundation. PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Assessment of AHI by ApneaLink under laboratory and home-based conditions in police officers with and without obstructive sleep apnea.
NHS (UK). PI: F.C. Cappuccio, MD. Effects on patient safety and physician well-being of implementing an EWTD-compliant rota reducing junior doctors’ weekly work hours from 56 to 48.
ResMed Foundation. PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Testing the effectiveness of a comprehensive police fatigue management program “Operation Healthy Sleep”.
NIH/NIOSH: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Effects of extended work hours on intern health and safety.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. After effects of entrainment on human circadian period.
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Effects of extended work hours on ICU patient safety.
NIH/NINDS: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. ‘Ocular control of melatonin regulation: Action Spectrum’.
Wellcome Trust: PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Prize Research Travelling Fellowship. Effects of caffeine administration on circadian entrainment, sleep, alertness and performance in free-running blind people.
Wellcome Trust: PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Prize Research Travelling Fellowship. Determination of the endogenous tau of the human circadian system in the absence of light and the influence if non-photic time cues.
NSBRI/NASA PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Optimizing light spectrum for long duration space flight
NIH/NCCAM PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Mechanism underlying the effects of blue light in humans
NIH/NINDS PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Photic and nonphotic input to the human circadian system
NIH/NIMH PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders with bright light
NHMRC (Australia). PI: S.M.W. Rajaratnam, PhD. Acute alerting effects of daytime light exposure to specific wavelengths of light
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Desensitization of circadian responses to light
NASA: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Blue light for enhancing alertness in space missions.
NIH/CDC: Co-PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD & S.W. Lockley, Ph.D. Evaluation of the potential for translation to practice of a sleep disorders management program for police.
NSBRI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Characteristics of light exposure necessary for development of optimal countermeasures to facilitate circadian adaptation and Enhance alertness and cognitive performance in space.
NASA: PI: L.K. Barger, PhD. Phoenix Scout Lander: Countermeasures test-bed for spaceflight ground controllers.
US Department of Homeland Security: Co-PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD & S.W. Lockley, PhD. A Comprehensive Fire-fighter Fatigue Management Program ‘Operation Healthy Sleep’
DARPA PI: H. Wei, PhD, ‘A spectrally dynamic berth light for active circadian cycle management’
Monash University Strategic Grant. PI: S.W. Rajaratnam, PhD,. ‘An investigation of drowsiness while driving in hosp ital night shift workers and sleep disorder patients: The Monash Drowsy Driving (MONRI) Study’
NHMRC (Australia). PI: S.M.W. Rajaratnam, PhD. ‘Randomised controlled trial of a light intervention to enhance alertness and performance in night shiftworkers’.
FRSQ: PI: J. Carrier, PhD. ‘Réponses cérébrales à la lumière chez des personnes non-voyantes’
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.P. Landrigan, MD, Developing a risk index of healthcare provider alertness to improve safety.
NSBRI: PI: C. Oman, PhD. Validation of assessment tests and countermeasures for detecting and mitigating changes in cognitive function during robotics operations.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler. Efficacy of melatonin in a phase advance model of transient insomnia.
NASA: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. The role of sleep and circadian phase on crew safety, performance and psychological health during long-term analog space missions.
NIH/NIEHS: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Effects of the circadian clock and light on the production of estrogens.
NASA: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. Feasibility pilot study on acute biological and behavioral responses to the solid state lighting module for the International Space Station.
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.P. Landrigan MD. Developing a risk index of healthcare provider alertness to improve safety.
US Department of Homeland Security: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. National Firefighter Sleep Disorders Management Program: Translation to Practice.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler PhD, MD. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in a phase advance model of insomnia.
NIH/NHLBI: PI: E.B. Klerman, MD, PhD. Human circadian sensitivity of very short light pulses.
NMRC (Singapore) PI: J.J. Gooley, PhD. Improving the efficacy of light therapy: A comparative study to determine whether exposure to intermittent light enhances circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses relative to exposure to continuous light.
Completed funding:
NIH/AHRQ PI: C.P. Landrigan, MD. Implementing reduced work hours for all ICU staff to improve patient safety
NIH/NIOSH PI: E.S. Schernhammer, MD, PhD. Effects of light at night on the circadian system in nurses
DARPA PI: H. Wei, PhD, ‘A spectrally dynamic berth light for active circadian cycle management’
NIH/NIJ PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Testing the effectiveness of a comprehensive police fatigue management program
AFOSR: PI: D. Adams. Short wavelength countermeasure for circadian desynchrony.
NIH/CDC PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Sleep disorders management, health and safety in police
Dept of Defense PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for breast cancer in blind women.
ResMed Foundation. PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Assessment of AHI by ApneaLink under laboratory and home-based conditions in police officers with and without obstructive sleep apnea.
NHS (UK). PI: F.C. Cappuccio, MD. Effects on patient safety and physician well-being of implementing an EWTD-compliant rota reducing junior doctors’ weekly work hours from 56 to 48.
ResMed Foundation. PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD, Testing the effectiveness of a comprehensive police fatigue management program “Operation Healthy Sleep”.
NIH/NIOSH: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Effects of extended work hours on intern health and safety.
NIH/NINDS: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. After effects of entrainment on human circadian period.
NIH/AHRQ: PI: C.A. Czeisler, PhD, MD. Effects of extended work hours on ICU patient safety.
NIH/NINDS: PI: G.C. Brainard, PhD. ‘Ocular control of melatonin regulation: Action Spectrum’.
Wellcome Trust: PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Prize Research Travelling Fellowship. Effects of caffeine administration on circadian entrainment, sleep, alertness and performance in free-running blind people.
Wellcome Trust: PI: PI: S.W. Lockley, PhD. Prize Research Travelling Fellowship. Determination of the endogenous tau of the human circadian system in the absence of light and the influence if non-photic time cues.
Teaching
Faculty, Harvard University MCB186 Circadian Biology
Co-Director, Harvard Summer School Circadian Biology
Faculty, Harvard School of Public Health Ergonomics and Human Factors
Faculty, Harvard Graduate School of Design Day-Lighting Buildings (GSD 6332)
Faculty, Sleep Medicine Special Study Module, Warwick Medical School, UK
Co-Director, Harvard Summer School Circadian Biology
Faculty, Harvard School of Public Health Ergonomics and Human Factors
Faculty, Harvard Graduate School of Design Day-Lighting Buildings (GSD 6332)
Faculty, Sleep Medicine Special Study Module, Warwick Medical School, UK
In the News
Harvard researchers share their knowledge, Monash University 2009
Australia-Harvard Fellowships announced, 2009 Harvard University Gazette online
Better care if doctors rest, 2009 BBC News report
Researchers discover second light-sensing system in human eye, 2007 article in Harvard Science
When the blues keep you awake, 2006 article in the Harvard Gazette
Overworked interns prone to medical errors, 2004 article in the Harvard Gazette
When light has you singing the blues, 2003 article in the Harvard Gazette
Honors
Harvard researchers share their knowledge, Monash University 2009
Australia-Harvard Fellowships announced, 2009 Harvard University Gazette online
Better care if doctors rest, 2009 BBC News report
Researchers discover second light-sensing system in human eye, 2007 article in Harvard Science
When the blues keep you awake, 2006 article in the Harvard Gazette
Overworked interns prone to medical errors, 2004 article in the Harvard Gazette
When light has you singing the blues, 2003 article in the Harvard Gazette
Honors
Wellcome Trust International Prize Research Travelling Fellowship, 2000
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2000
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, 2001
Young Investigator Award, Sleep Research Society, 2004
International Dark-Sky Association Executive Director Special Award, 2005
Co-Chair, Fatigue, Sleep and Biological Clocks International Conference, 2005
National Sleep Foundation Healthy Sleep Community Award, 2006
Symposium Chair, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2004
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2008
Harvard Club of Australia Foundation Australia-Harvard Fellowship, 2009
Taylor Technical Talent Award, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2009
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2000
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, 2001
Young Investigator Award, Sleep Research Society, 2004
International Dark-Sky Association Executive Director Special Award, 2005
Co-Chair, Fatigue, Sleep and Biological Clocks International Conference, 2005
National Sleep Foundation Healthy Sleep Community Award, 2006
Symposium Chair, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2004
Invited Speaker, Gordon Conference on Pineal Cell Biology, 2008
Harvard Club of Australia Foundation Australia-Harvard Fellowship, 2009
Taylor Technical Talent Award, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2009
Selected Publications
Original Articles
Flynn-Evans EE, Stevens RG, Tabandeh H, Schernhammer ES, Lockley SW. Total visual blindness is protective against breast cancer.
Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20(9):1753-6. PMID: 19649715
Flynn-Evans EE, Stevens RG, Tabandeh H, Schernhammer ES, Lockley SW. Effect of light perception on menarche in blind women.
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2009; 16: 243-248. PMID: 19874146
Aeschbach D, Lockyer BJ, Dijk D-J, Lockley SW, Nuwayser ES, Nichols LD, Czeisler CA. Use of transdermal melatonin delivery to improve sleep maintenance during the daytime.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009; 86(4): 378-82. PMID: 19606092
Figueiro MG, Brainard GC, Lockley SW, Revell VL, White R. Light and Human Health: An overview of the impact of optical radiation on visual, circadian, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral responses.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Technical Memorandum TM-18-08.
Cappuccio FP, Bakewell A, Taggart FM, Ward G, Chen J, Sullivan JP, Edmunds M, Pounder R, Landrigan CP, Lockley SW, Peile E. Implementing a 48h EWTD-compliant rota for junior doctors in the UK does not compromise patients’ safety: Assessor-blind pilot comparison.
Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 2009; 102(4):271-82. PMID: 19174502
Anderson JL, Glod CA, Dai J, Cao Re Y, Lockley SW. Lux versus wavelength in light treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2009; 120: 203-212. PMID: 19207131
Pechacek CS, Andersen M, Lockley SW.
Preliminary method for prospective analysis of the circadian efficacy of (Day)light with applications to healthcare architecture.
LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 2008; 5(1): 1-26.
Lockley SW, Dijk D-J, Kosti O, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Alertness, mood and performance rhythm disturbances associated with circadian sleep disorders in the blind.
Journal of Sleep Research 2008; 17 (2): 207-216. PMID: 18482109
Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Aeschbach D, Gooley JJ, Brainard GC, Gregory-Evans K, Rizzo III JF, Czeisler CA, Foster RG, Moseley MJ, Lockley SW. Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina.
Current Biology 2007; 17(24):2122-2128. PMID: 18082405
Lockley SW, Barger LK, Ayas NT, Rothschild JM, Czeisler CA, Landrigan CP. Effects of healthcare provider work hours and sleep deprivation on safety and performance.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 2007; 33(11, Suppl 1): 7-18. PMID: 18173162
Landrigan CP, Czeisler CA, Barger LK, Ayas NT, Rothschild JM, Lockley SW. Reducing fatigue-related errors and injuries in healthcare: Effective implementation of work hour limits and systemic improvements.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 2007; 33(11, Suppl 1): 19-29. PMID: 18173163
Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. Visual impairment and circadian rhythm disorders.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2007; 9(3):301-314. PMID: 17969867
Zeitzer JM, Duffy JF, Lockley SW, Dijk D-J, Czeisler CA. Plasma melatonin rhythms in young and older humans during sleep, sleep deprivation, and wake.
Sleep 2007; 30(11):1437-1443. PMID: 18041478
Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Rea MS, Reinlib LE. The role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases.
Environ Health Perspectives 2007;115(9):1357-62. PMID: 17805428
Lockley SW. Safety considerations for the use of blue-light blocking glasses in shift-workers.
J Pineal Res 2007;42(2): 210-211. PMID: 17286754
Lockley SW, Gooley JJ. Circadian photoreception: spotlight on the brain.
Curr Biol. 2006 Sep 19;16(18):R795-7. PMID: 16979545
Lockley SW, Evans EE, Scheer FA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D. Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans.
Sleep. 2006 Feb 1;29(2):161-8. PMID: 16494083
Horrocks N, Pounder R, Royal College of Physicians Short-Term Working Group on Medical Nocturnal Shiftwork. Working the night shift: preparation, survival and recovery - a guide for junior doctors.
Clinical Medicine 2006; 6(1): 61-7. PMID: 16521358
Lockley SW. Timed melatonin treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome: the importance of knowing circadian phase.
Sleep. 2005 Oct 1;28(10):1214-6. PMID: 16295202
Rothschild JM, Landrigan CP, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Lockley SW, Burdick E, Stone PH, Lilly CM, Katz JT, Czeisler CA, Bates DW. The Critical Care Safety Study: The incidence and nature of adverse events and serious medical errors in intensive care.
Crit Care Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1694-700. PMID: 16096443
Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Burdick E, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Lockley SW, Bates DW, Czeisler CA. Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units.
N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1838-48. PMID: 15509817
Lockley SW, Cronin JW, Evans EE, Cade BE, Lee CJ, Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Aeschbach D, Czeisler CA; Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group. Effect of reducing interns' weekly work hours on sleep and attentional failures.
N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1829-37. PMID: 15509816
Hack LM, Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects.
J Biol Rhythms. 2003 Oct;18(5):420-9. PMID: 14582858
Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep;88(9):4502-5. PMID: 12970330
Robilliard DL, Archer SN, Arendt J, Lockley SW, Hack LM, English J, Leger D, Smits MG, Williams A, Skene DJ, Von Schantz M. The 3111 Clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity in henotypically characterized human subjects.
J Sleep Res. 2002 Dec;11(4):305-12. PMID: 12464098
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, James K, Thapan K, Wright J, Arendt J. Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects.
J Endocrinol. 2000 Jan;164(1):R1-6. PMID: 10607943
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms.
J Sleep Res. 1999 Sep;8(3):175-83. PMID: 10476003
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, James K, Arendt J. Correlation between urinary cortisol and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythms in field studies of blind subjects.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jun;50(6):715-9. PMID: 10468942
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Butler LJ, Arendt J. Sleep and activity rhythms are related to circadian phase in the blind.
Sleep. 1999 Aug 1;22(5):616-23. PMID: 10450596
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Thapan K, Arendt J. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms.
Reprod Nutr Dev. 1999 May-Jun;39(3):295-304. PMID: 10420432
Tabandeh H, Lockley SW, Buttery R, Skene DJ, Defrance R, Arendt J, Bird AC. Disturbance of sleep in blindness.
Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;126(5):707-12. PMID: 9822235
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Thapan K, English J, Ribeiro D, Haimov I, Hampton S, Middleton B, von Schantz M, Arendt J. Extraocular light exposure does not suppress plasma melatonin in humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3369-72. PMID: 9745457
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Tabandeh H, Bird AC, Defrance R. Relationship between melatonin rhythms and visual loss in the blind.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3763-70. PMID: 9360538
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Tabandeh H, Bird AC, Defrance R, Arendt J. Relationship between napping and melatonin in the blind.
J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Feb;12(1):16-25. PMID: 9104687
Lockley S, Tabandeh H, Skene D, Buttery R, Bird A, Defrace R, Arendt J. Day-time naps and melatonin in blind people.
Lancet. 1995 Dec 2;346(8988):1491. No abstract available. Erratum in: Lancet
1996 Jan 20;347(8995):206. PMID: 7491012
Reviews, Chapters, Etc.
Uchiyama M, Lockley SW. Non-24-hour sleep–wake syndrome in sighted and blind patients [Review].
Sleep Medicine Clinics of North America 2009; 195-211.
Cappuccio FP, Lockley SW, Landrigan CP. Response to Comments.
Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 2009; 102(5):363-4. PMID: 19318371
Lockley SW. Human health implications of light pollution. [Book Chapter]
In: Mizon W, editor. Blinded by the Light? Campaign for Dark Skies (CfDS) Handbook 2009, London, UK: British Astronomical Association; 2009; 21-25.
Lockley SW. Circadian rhythms: Influence of light in humans. [Book Chapter].
In: Squire LR, editor. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Oxford, UK: Academic Press; 2009; 5: 971-986.
Weaver DR, Lockley SW. Circadian rhythms: Melatonin regulation of circadian rhythmicity in vertebrates. [Book Chapter].
In: Squire LR, editor. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Oxford, UK: Academic Press; 2009; 5: 721-732.
Barger LK, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SW, Landrigan CP. Neurobehavioral, health and safety consequences associated with shift work in safety sensitive professions [Review].
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2009;9(2):155-64. PMID: 19268039
Wright Jr. KP, Drake CL, Lockley SW. Diagnostic tools for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. [Book Chapter].
In: Kushida CA, editor. Handbook of Sleep Disorders, New York, USA: Informa Healthcare; 2009; 147-173.
Lockley SW. Spectral sensitivity of circadian, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral effects of light. [Proceedings]
Journal of the Human-Environment System 2008; 11(1): 43-49.
Cappuccio FP, Lockley SW. Safety and the flying doctor. [Letter]
British Medical Journal 2008; 336 (7637): 218. PMID: 18219046
Lockley SW, Landrigan CP, Barger LK, Czeisler CA; Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group. When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Aug;449:116-27. Review. PMID: 16770285
Dijk DJ, Lockley SW. Integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity.
J Appl Physiol. 2002 Feb;92(2):852-62. Review. PMID: 11796701
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Arendt J. Melatonin in circadian sleep disorders in the blind.
Biol Signals Recept. 1999 Jan-Apr;8(1-2):90-5. Review. PMID: 10085469
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Arendt J. Use of melatonin in the treatment of phase shift and sleep disorders.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:79-84. Review. PMID: 10721041
Arendt J, Skene DJ, Middleton B, Lockley SW, Deacon S. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in jet lag, shift work, and blindness.
J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Dec;12(6):604-17. Review. PMID: 9406036
Flynn-Evans EE, Stevens RG, Tabandeh H, Schernhammer ES, Lockley SW. Total visual blindness is protective against breast cancer.
Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20(9):1753-6. PMID: 19649715
Flynn-Evans EE, Stevens RG, Tabandeh H, Schernhammer ES, Lockley SW. Effect of light perception on menarche in blind women.
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2009; 16: 243-248. PMID: 19874146
Aeschbach D, Lockyer BJ, Dijk D-J, Lockley SW, Nuwayser ES, Nichols LD, Czeisler CA. Use of transdermal melatonin delivery to improve sleep maintenance during the daytime.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009; 86(4): 378-82. PMID: 19606092
Figueiro MG, Brainard GC, Lockley SW, Revell VL, White R. Light and Human Health: An overview of the impact of optical radiation on visual, circadian, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral responses.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Technical Memorandum TM-18-08.
Cappuccio FP, Bakewell A, Taggart FM, Ward G, Chen J, Sullivan JP, Edmunds M, Pounder R, Landrigan CP, Lockley SW, Peile E. Implementing a 48h EWTD-compliant rota for junior doctors in the UK does not compromise patients’ safety: Assessor-blind pilot comparison.
Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 2009; 102(4):271-82. PMID: 19174502
Anderson JL, Glod CA, Dai J, Cao Re Y, Lockley SW. Lux versus wavelength in light treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2009; 120: 203-212. PMID: 19207131
Pechacek CS, Andersen M, Lockley SW.
Preliminary method for prospective analysis of the circadian efficacy of (Day)light with applications to healthcare architecture.
LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 2008; 5(1): 1-26.
Lockley SW, Dijk D-J, Kosti O, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Alertness, mood and performance rhythm disturbances associated with circadian sleep disorders in the blind.
Journal of Sleep Research 2008; 17 (2): 207-216. PMID: 18482109
Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Aeschbach D, Gooley JJ, Brainard GC, Gregory-Evans K, Rizzo III JF, Czeisler CA, Foster RG, Moseley MJ, Lockley SW. Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina.
Current Biology 2007; 17(24):2122-2128. PMID: 18082405
Lockley SW, Barger LK, Ayas NT, Rothschild JM, Czeisler CA, Landrigan CP. Effects of healthcare provider work hours and sleep deprivation on safety and performance.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 2007; 33(11, Suppl 1): 7-18. PMID: 18173162
Landrigan CP, Czeisler CA, Barger LK, Ayas NT, Rothschild JM, Lockley SW. Reducing fatigue-related errors and injuries in healthcare: Effective implementation of work hour limits and systemic improvements.
Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf, 2007; 33(11, Suppl 1): 19-29. PMID: 18173163
Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. Visual impairment and circadian rhythm disorders.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2007; 9(3):301-314. PMID: 17969867
Zeitzer JM, Duffy JF, Lockley SW, Dijk D-J, Czeisler CA. Plasma melatonin rhythms in young and older humans during sleep, sleep deprivation, and wake.
Sleep 2007; 30(11):1437-1443. PMID: 18041478
Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Rea MS, Reinlib LE. The role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases.
Environ Health Perspectives 2007;115(9):1357-62. PMID: 17805428
Lockley SW. Safety considerations for the use of blue-light blocking glasses in shift-workers.
J Pineal Res 2007;42(2): 210-211. PMID: 17286754
Lockley SW, Gooley JJ. Circadian photoreception: spotlight on the brain.
Curr Biol. 2006 Sep 19;16(18):R795-7. PMID: 16979545
Lockley SW, Evans EE, Scheer FA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D. Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans.
Sleep. 2006 Feb 1;29(2):161-8. PMID: 16494083
Horrocks N, Pounder R, Royal College of Physicians Short-Term Working Group on Medical Nocturnal Shiftwork. Working the night shift: preparation, survival and recovery - a guide for junior doctors.
Clinical Medicine 2006; 6(1): 61-7. PMID: 16521358
Lockley SW. Timed melatonin treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome: the importance of knowing circadian phase.
Sleep. 2005 Oct 1;28(10):1214-6. PMID: 16295202
Rothschild JM, Landrigan CP, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Lockley SW, Burdick E, Stone PH, Lilly CM, Katz JT, Czeisler CA, Bates DW. The Critical Care Safety Study: The incidence and nature of adverse events and serious medical errors in intensive care.
Crit Care Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1694-700. PMID: 16096443
Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Burdick E, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Lockley SW, Bates DW, Czeisler CA. Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units.
N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1838-48. PMID: 15509817
Lockley SW, Cronin JW, Evans EE, Cade BE, Lee CJ, Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Aeschbach D, Czeisler CA; Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group. Effect of reducing interns' weekly work hours on sleep and attentional failures.
N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1829-37. PMID: 15509816
Hack LM, Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects.
J Biol Rhythms. 2003 Oct;18(5):420-9. PMID: 14582858
Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep;88(9):4502-5. PMID: 12970330
Robilliard DL, Archer SN, Arendt J, Lockley SW, Hack LM, English J, Leger D, Smits MG, Williams A, Skene DJ, Von Schantz M. The 3111 Clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity in henotypically characterized human subjects.
J Sleep Res. 2002 Dec;11(4):305-12. PMID: 12464098
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, James K, Thapan K, Wright J, Arendt J. Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects.
J Endocrinol. 2000 Jan;164(1):R1-6. PMID: 10607943
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms.
J Sleep Res. 1999 Sep;8(3):175-83. PMID: 10476003
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, James K, Arendt J. Correlation between urinary cortisol and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythms in field studies of blind subjects.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jun;50(6):715-9. PMID: 10468942
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Butler LJ, Arendt J. Sleep and activity rhythms are related to circadian phase in the blind.
Sleep. 1999 Aug 1;22(5):616-23. PMID: 10450596
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Thapan K, Arendt J. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms.
Reprod Nutr Dev. 1999 May-Jun;39(3):295-304. PMID: 10420432
Tabandeh H, Lockley SW, Buttery R, Skene DJ, Defrance R, Arendt J, Bird AC. Disturbance of sleep in blindness.
Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;126(5):707-12. PMID: 9822235
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Thapan K, English J, Ribeiro D, Haimov I, Hampton S, Middleton B, von Schantz M, Arendt J. Extraocular light exposure does not suppress plasma melatonin in humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3369-72. PMID: 9745457
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Tabandeh H, Bird AC, Defrance R. Relationship between melatonin rhythms and visual loss in the blind.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3763-70. PMID: 9360538
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Tabandeh H, Bird AC, Defrance R, Arendt J. Relationship between napping and melatonin in the blind.
J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Feb;12(1):16-25. PMID: 9104687
Lockley S, Tabandeh H, Skene D, Buttery R, Bird A, Defrace R, Arendt J. Day-time naps and melatonin in blind people.
Lancet. 1995 Dec 2;346(8988):1491. No abstract available. Erratum in: Lancet
1996 Jan 20;347(8995):206. PMID: 7491012
Reviews, Chapters, Etc.
Uchiyama M, Lockley SW. Non-24-hour sleep–wake syndrome in sighted and blind patients [Review].
Sleep Medicine Clinics of North America 2009; 195-211.
Cappuccio FP, Lockley SW, Landrigan CP. Response to Comments.
Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 2009; 102(5):363-4. PMID: 19318371
Lockley SW. Human health implications of light pollution. [Book Chapter]
In: Mizon W, editor. Blinded by the Light? Campaign for Dark Skies (CfDS) Handbook 2009, London, UK: British Astronomical Association; 2009; 21-25.
Lockley SW. Circadian rhythms: Influence of light in humans. [Book Chapter].
In: Squire LR, editor. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Oxford, UK: Academic Press; 2009; 5: 971-986.
Weaver DR, Lockley SW. Circadian rhythms: Melatonin regulation of circadian rhythmicity in vertebrates. [Book Chapter].
In: Squire LR, editor. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Oxford, UK: Academic Press; 2009; 5: 721-732.
Barger LK, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SW, Landrigan CP. Neurobehavioral, health and safety consequences associated with shift work in safety sensitive professions [Review].
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2009;9(2):155-64. PMID: 19268039
Wright Jr. KP, Drake CL, Lockley SW. Diagnostic tools for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. [Book Chapter].
In: Kushida CA, editor. Handbook of Sleep Disorders, New York, USA: Informa Healthcare; 2009; 147-173.
Lockley SW. Spectral sensitivity of circadian, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral effects of light. [Proceedings]
Journal of the Human-Environment System 2008; 11(1): 43-49.
Cappuccio FP, Lockley SW. Safety and the flying doctor. [Letter]
British Medical Journal 2008; 336 (7637): 218. PMID: 18219046
Lockley SW, Landrigan CP, Barger LK, Czeisler CA; Harvard Work Hours Health and Safety Group. When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Aug;449:116-27. Review. PMID: 16770285
Dijk DJ, Lockley SW. Integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity.
J Appl Physiol. 2002 Feb;92(2):852-62. Review. PMID: 11796701
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Arendt J. Melatonin in circadian sleep disorders in the blind.
Biol Signals Recept. 1999 Jan-Apr;8(1-2):90-5. Review. PMID: 10085469
Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Arendt J. Use of melatonin in the treatment of phase shift and sleep disorders.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:79-84. Review. PMID: 10721041
Arendt J, Skene DJ, Middleton B, Lockley SW, Deacon S. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in jet lag, shift work, and blindness.
J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Dec;12(6):604-17. Review. PMID: 9406036
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